Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder, which is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. The exact causes of bladder cancer are unknown, but some potential risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, chronic bladder infections or inflammation, and a family history of bladder cancer. Symptoms of bladder cancer may include blood in the urine, pain during urination, and frequent urination. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests and biopsy, and treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy depending on the stage and grade of the cancer. Regular follow-up care is important after treatment to monitor for recurrence.

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