In-utero birth defects are physical or functional abnormalities that occur in a fetus during pregnancy. These defects can range from minor to severe and can affect different parts of the body, such as the brain, heart, and limbs. Causes of in-utero birth defects include genetic mutations, environmental factors, and maternal health conditions. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, exposure to drugs, alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy, maternal infections, and poor maternal nutrition. Some in-utero birth defects can be detected prenatally through ultrasound or genetic testing, while others may not be detected until after birth.
 
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